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Section 1194.21 Software applications and Operating Systems
| Clause 1194.21 | Provision | Description | User Stakeholders | Product/Vendor Stakeholders |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | When software is designed to run on a system that has a keyboard, product functions shall be executable from a keyboard where the function itself or the result of performing a function can be discerned textually. | Paragraph (a) requires that when software is designed to run on a system that has a keyboard, the software shall provide a way to control features which are identifiable by text, from the keyboard. For example, if a computer program included a "print" command or a "save" command (both can be readily discerned textually), the program must provide a means of invoking these commands from the keyboard. For people who cannot accurately control a mouse, having access to the software's controls through keyboard alternatives is essential. For example, rather than pointing to a particular selection on the screen, a user may move through the choices in a dialogue box by pressing the tab key. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| b | Applications shall not disrupt or disable activated features of other products that are identified as accessibility features, where those features are developed and documented according to industry standards. Applications also shall not disrupt or disable activated features of any operating system that are identified as accessibility features where the application programming interface for those accessibility features has been documented by the manufacturer of the operating system and is available to the product developer. | Paragraph (b) prohibits applications from disrupting or disabling activated features of other products that are identified as accessibility features, where those features are developed and documented according to industry standards. Applications also shall not disrupt or disable activated features of any operating system that are identified as accessibility features where the application programming interface for those accessibility features has been documented by the manufacturer of the operating system and is available to the product developer. The application programming interface refers to a standard way for programs to communicate with each other, including the operating system, and with input and output devices. For instance, the application programming interface affects how programs have to display information on a monitor or receive keyboard input via the operating system. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| c | A well-defined on-screen indication of the current focus shall be provided that moves among interactive interface elements as the input focus changes. The focus shall be programmatically exposed so that assistive technology can track focus and focus changes. | Paragraph (c) requires that software applications place on the screen a visual indication of where some action may occur if a mouse click or keystroke takes place. This point on a screen indicating where an action will take place is commonly referred to as the "focus". This provision also requires that the focus be readable by other software programs such as screen readers used by computer users who are blind. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| d | Sufficient information about a user interface element including the identity, operation and state of the element shall be available to assistive technology. When an image represents a program element, the information conveyed by the image must also be available in text. | Paragraph (d) requires that software programs, through the use of program code, make information about the program's controls readable by assistive technology. Simply stated, this paragraph requires that information that can be delivered to or received from the user must be made available to assistive technology, such as screen reading software. Examples of controls would include button checkboxes, menus, and toolbars. For assistive technology to operate efficiently, it must have access to the information about a program's controls to be able to inform the user of the existence, location, and status of all controls. If an image is used to represent a program function, the information conveyed by the image must also be available in text. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| e | When bitmap images are used to identify controls, status indicators, or other programmatic elements, the meaning assigned to those images shall be consistent throughout an application's performance. | Paragraph (e) requires that when bitmap images are used by a program to identify programmatic features, such as controls, the meaning of that image shall not change during the operation of a program. "Bitmap images" refer to a type of computer image commonly used in "icons" (e.g., a small picture of a printer to activate the print command). Most screen reading programs allow users to assign text names to bitmap images. If the bitmap image changes meaning during a program's execution, the assigned identifier is no longer valid and is confusing to the user. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| f | Textual information shall be provided through operating system functions for displaying text. The minimum information that shall be made available is text content, text input caret location, and text attributes. | Paragraph (f) provides that software programs use the functions provided by an operating system when displaying text. The operating system is the "core" computer software that controls basic functions, such as receiving information from the keyboard, displaying information on the computer screen, and storing data on the hard disk. Other software programs use the standard protocols dictated by the operating system for displaying their own information or processing the output of other computer programs. When programs are written using unique schemes for writing text on the screen or use graphics, other programs such as software for assistive technology may not be able to interpret the information. This provision does not prohibit or limit an application programmer from developing unique display techniques. It requires that when a unique method is used, the text be consistently written throughout the operating system. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| g | Applications shall not override user selected contrast and color selections and other individual display attributes. | Paragraph (g) prohibits applications from overriding user selected contrast and color selections and other individual display attributes. As described above, the operating system provides the basic functions for receiving, displaying, transmitting, or receiving information in a computer or similar product. Thus, the operating system would appear the logical choice for "system-wide" settings that would be respected by all computer programs on a computer. Many modern operating systems incorporate the ability to make settings system-wide as an accessibility feature. This permits, for instance, users to display all text in very large characters. Often, persons with disabilities prefer to select color, contrast, keyboard repeat rate, and keyboard sensitivity settings provided by an operating system. When an application disables these system-wide settings, accessibility is reduced. This provision allows the user to select personalized settings, which cannot be disabled by software programs. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| h | When animation is displayed, the information shall be displayable in at least one non-animated presentation mode at the option of the user. | Paragraph (h) addresses animated text or objects. The use of animation on a screen can pose serious access problems for users of screen readers or other assistive technology applications. When important elements such as push-buttons or relevant text are animated, the user of assistive technology cannot access the application. This provision requires that in addition to the animation, an application provide the elements in a non-animated form. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| i | Color coding shall not be used as the only means of conveying information, indicating an action, prompting a response, or distinguishing a visual element. | Paragraph (i) prohibits the use of color as the single method for indicating important information. For instance, a computer program that requires a user to distinguish between otherwise identical red and blue squares for different functions (e.g., printing a document versus saving a file) would not comply with this provision. Relying on color as the only method for identifying screen elements or controls poses problems, not only for people with limited or no vision, but also for those people who are color blind. This provision does not prohibit the use of color to enhance identification of important features. It does, however, require that some other method of identification, such as text labels, be combined with the use of color. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| j | Software shall not use flashing or blinking text, objects, or other elements having a flash or blink frequency greater than 2 Hz and lower than 55 Hz. | Paragraph (j) requires software applications to provide users with a variety of color settings that can be used to set a range of contrast levels. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| k | Software shall not use flashing or blinking text, objects, or other elements having a flash or blink frequency greater than 2 Hz and lower than 55 Hz. | Paragraph (k) limits the flashing or blinking rate of screen items. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| l | When electronic forms are used, the form shall allow people using assistive technology to access the information, field elements, and functionality required for completion and submission of the form, including all directions and cues. | Paragraph (l) requires that people with disabilities have access to electronic forms. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
Section 1194.22 Web based intranet and Internet information and applications
| Clause 1194.22 | Provision | Description | User Stakeholders | Product/Vendor Stakeholders |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | A text equivalent for every non-text element shall be provided (e.g., via "alt", "longdesc", or in element content). | Paragraph (a) requires that a text equivalent for every non-text element shall be provided. As the Internet has developed, the use of photographs, images, and other multimedia has increased greatly. Most web pages are created using HTML, or "HyperText Markup Language." A "page" in HTML is actually a computer file that includes the actual text of the web page and a series of "tags" that control layout, display images (which are actually separate computer files), and essentially provide all content other than text. The tags are merely signals to the browser that tell it how to display information and many tags allow web designers to include a textual description of the non-textual content arranged by the tag. The provision is necessary because assistive technology cannot describe pictures, but can convey the text information to the user. Currently, most web page authoring programs already provide a method for web designers to associate words with an image and associating text with non-textual content is easy for anyone familiar with HTML. This provision requires that when an image indicates a navigational action such as "move to the next screen" or "go back to the top of the page," the image must be accompanied by actual text that states the purpose of the image, in other words, what the image is telling you to do. This provision also requires that when an image is used to represent page content, the image must have a text description accompanying it that explains the meaning of the image. Associating text with these images makes it possible, for someone who cannot see the screen to understand the content and navigate a web page. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| b | Equivalent alternatives for any multimedia presentation shall be synchronized with the presentation. | Paragraph (b) provides that equivalent alternatives for any multimedia presentation shall be synchronized with the presentation. This would require, for example, that if an audio portion of a multi-media production was captioned as required in paragraph (a), the captioning must be synchronized with the audio. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| c | Web pages shall be designed so that all information conveyed with color is also available without color, for example from context or markup. | Paragraph (c) prohibits the use of color as the single method for indicating important information on a web page. When colors are used as the sole method for identifying screen elements or controls, persons who are color blind as well as those people who are blind or have low vision may find the web page unusable. This provision does not prohibit the use of color to enhance identification of important features. It does, however, require that some other method of identification, such as text labels, must be combined with the use of color. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| d | Documents shall be organized so they are readable without requiring an associated style sheet. | Paragraph (d) provides that documents must be organized so they are readable without requiring browser support for style sheets. Style sheets are a relatively new technology that lets web site designers make consistent appearing web pages that can be easily updated. For instance, without style sheets, making headings appear in large font while not affecting the surrounding text requires separate tags hidden in the document to control font-size and boldface. Each heading would require a separate set of tags. Using style sheets, however, the web site designer can specify in a single tag that all headings in the document should be in large font and boldface. Because style sheets can be used to easily affect the entire appearance of a page, they are often used to enhance accessibility and this provision does not prohibit the use of style sheets. This provision requires that web pages using style sheets be able to be read accurately by browsers that do not support style sheets and by browsers that have disabled the support for style sheets. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| e | Redundant text links shall be provided for each active region of a server-side image map. | Paragraph (e) requires web page designers to include redundant text links for each active region of a server-side image map on their web pages. An "image map" is a picture (often a map) on a web page that provides different "links" to other web pages, depending on where a user clicks on the image. There are two basic types of image maps: "client-side image maps" and "server-side image maps." With client-side image maps, each "active region" in a picture can be assigned its own "link" (called a URL or "uniform resource locator") that specifies what web page to retrieve when a portion of the picture is selected. HTML allows each active region to have its own alternative text, just like a picture can have alternative text. See §1194.22(a). By contrast, clicking on a location of a server-side image map only specifies the coordinates within the image when the mouse was depressed - which link or URL is ultimately selected must be deciphered by the computer serving the web page. When a web page uses a server-side image map to present the user with a selection of options, browsers cannot indicate to the user the URL that will be followed when a region of the map is activated. Therefore, the redundant text link is necessary to provide access to the page for anyone not able to see or accurately click on the map. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| f | Client-side image maps shall be provided instead of server-side image maps except where the regions cannot be defined with an available geometric shape. | Paragraph (f) provides that client-side image maps shall be provided instead of server-side image maps except where the regions cannot be defined with an available geometric shape. As discussed above, there are two general categories of image maps: client-side image maps and server-side image maps. When a web browser retrieves a specific set of instructions from a client-side image map, it also receives all the information about what action will happen when a region of the map is pressed. For this reason, client-side image maps, even though graphical in nature, can display the links related to the map, in a text format which can be read with the use of assistive technology. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| g | Row and column headers shall be identified for data tables. | Paragraphs (g) and (h) permit the use of tables, but require that the tables be coded according to the rules for developing tables of the markup language used. When tables are coded inaccurately or table codes are used for non-tabular material, some assistive technology cannot accurately read the content. Many assistive technology applications can interpret the HTML codes for tables and will most likely be updated to read the table coding of new markup languages. (See §1194.23(c)(8-9) in the NPRM.) The Board will be developing technical assistance materials on how tables can comply with this section. In addition to these specific provisions, the technical assistance materials will address all of the provisions in this part. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| h | Markup shall be used to associate data cells and header cells for data tables that have two or more logical levels of row or column headers. | Paragraphs (g) and (h) permit the use of tables, but require that the tables be coded according to the rules for developing tables of the markup language used. When tables are coded inaccurately or table codes are used for non-tabular material, some assistive technology cannot accurately read the content. Many assistive technology applications can interpret the HTML codes for tables and will most likely be updated to read the table coding of new markup languages. (See §1194.23(c)(8-9) in the NPRM.) The Board will be developing technical assistance materials on how tables can comply with this section. In addition to these specific provisions, the technical assistance materials will address all of the provisions in this part. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| i | Frames shall be titled with text that facilitates frame identification and navigation. | Paragraph (i) addresses the use of frames and requires that they be titled with text to identify the frame and assist in navigating the frames. "Frames" are a technique used by web designers to create different "portions" or "frames" of their screen that serve different functions. When a web site uses frames, often only a single frame will update with information while the other frames remain intact. Because using frames gives the user a consistent portion of the screen, they are often used for navigational toolbars for web sites. They are also often faster because only a portion of the screen is updated, instead of the entire screen. Frames can be an asset to users of screen readers and other assistive technology if the labels on the frames are explicit. Labels such as top, bottom, or left, provide few clues as to what is contained in the frame. However, labels such as "navigation bar" or "main content" are more meaningful and facilitate frame identification and navigation. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| j | Pages shall be designed to avoid causing the screen to flicker with a frequency greater than 2 Hz and lower than 55 Hz. | Paragraph (j) sets limits on the blink or flicker rate of screen elements. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| k | A text-only page, with equivalent information or functionality, shall be provided to make a web site comply with the provisions of this part, when compliance cannot be accomplished in any other way. The content of the text-only page shall be updated whenever the primary page changes. | Paragraph (k) requires that a text-only web page shall only be provided as a last resort method for bringing a web site into compliance with the other requirements in §1194.22. Text-only pages must contain equivalent information or functionality as the primary pages. Also, the text-only page shall be updated whenever the primary page changes. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| l | When pages utilize scripting languages to display content, or to create interface elements, the information provided by the script shall be identified with functional text that can be read by assistive technology. | Paragraph (l) requires that when web pages rely on special programming instructions called "scripts" to affect information displayed or to process user input, functional text shall be provided. It also requires that the text be readable by assistive technology such as screen reading software. Scripts are widely used by web sites as an efficient method to create faster or more secure web communications. A script is a programmatic set of instructions that is downloaded with a web page and permits the user's computer to share the processing of information with the web server. Without scripts, a user performs some action while viewing a web page, such as selecting a link or submitting a form, a message is sent back to the "web server", and a new web page is sent back to the user's computer. The more frequently an individual computer has to send and receive information from a web server, the greater chance there is for errors in the data, loss of speed, and possible violations of security. Also, when many users are simultaneously viewing the same web page, the demands on the web server may be huge. Scripts allow more work to be performed on the individual's computer instead of on the web server. And, the individual computer does not have to contact the web server as often. Scripts can perform very complex tasks such as those necessary to complete, verify, and submit a form and verify credit information. The advantage for the user is that many actions take place almost instantly, because processing takes place on the user's computer and because communication with the web server is often not necessary. This improves the apparent speed of a web page and makes it appear more dynamic. Currently, JavaScript, a standardized object-oriented programming language, is the most popular scripting language, although certain plug-ins (see below) supports slightly different scripting languages. This provision requires web page authors to ensure that all the information placed on a screen by a script shall be available in a text form to assistive technology. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| m | When a web page requires that an applet, plug-in or other application be present on the client system to interpret page content, the page must provide a link to a plug-in or applet that complies with §1194.21(a) through (l). | Paragraph (m) is, in part, a new provision developed in response to comments received on §1194.23(c)(11) of the NPRM and discussed in the preceding paragraph. While most web browsers can easily read HTML and display it to the user, several private companies have developed proprietary file formats for transmitting and displaying special content, such as multimedia or very precisely defined documents. Because these file formats are proprietary, they cannot ordinarily be displayed by web browsers. To make it possible for these files to be viewed by web browsers, add-on programs or "plug-ins" can be downloaded and installed on the user's computer that will make it possible for their web browsers to display or play the content of the files. This provision requires that web pages which provide content such as Real Audio or PDF files, also provide a link to a plug-in that will meet the software provisions. It is very common for a web page to provide links to needed plug-ins. For example, web pages containing Real Audio almost always have a link to a source for the necessary player. This provision places a responsibility on the web page author to know that a compliant application exists, before requiring a plug-in. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| n | When electronic forms are designed to be completed on-line, the form shall allow people using assistive technology to access the information, field elements, and functionality required for completion and submission of the form, including all directions and cues. | Paragraph (n) requires that people with disabilities have access to interactive electronic forms. Electronic forms are a popular method used by many agencies to gather information or permit a person to apply for services, benefits, or employment. The 1998 Government Paperwork Elimination Act requires that Federal agencies make electronic versions of their forms available on-line when practicable and allows individuals and businesses to use electronic signatures to file these forms electronically. (See §1194.23(b)(10) in the NPRM.) At present, the interaction between form controls and screen readers can be unpredictable, depending upon the design of the page containing these controls. Some developers place control labels and controls in different table cells; others place control labels in various locations in various distances from the controls themselves, making the response from a screen reader less than accurate many times. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| o | A method shall be provided that permits users to skip repetitive navigation links. | Paragraph (o) provides that a method be used to facilitate the easy tracking of page content that provides users of assistive technology the option to skip repetitive navigation links. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| p | When a timed response is required, the user shall be alerted and given sufficient time to indicate more time is required. | Paragraph (p) addresses the accessibility problems that can occur if a web page times-out while a user is completing a form. Web pages can be designed with scripts so that the web page disappears or "expires" if a response is not received within a specified amount of time. Sometimes, this technique is used for security reasons or to reduce the demands on the computer serving the web pages. A disability can have a direct impact on the speed with which a person can read, move around, or fill in a web form. For this reason, when a timed response is required, the user shall be alerted and given sufficient time to indicate that additional time is necessary. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
Section 1194.23 Telecommunication products
| Clause 1194.23 | Provision | Description | User Stakeholders | Product/Vendor Stakeholders |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | Telecommunications products or systems which provide a function allowing voice communication and which do not themselves provide a TTY functionality shall provide a standard non-acoustic connection point for TTYs. Microphones shall be capable of being turned on and off to allow the user to intermix speech with TTY use. | Paragraph (a) requires that telephone equipment shall provide a standard non-acoustic connection point for TTYs. A TTY is a device that includes a keyboard and display that is used to transmit and receive text over a telephone line using sound. Originally, TTY's used acoustic connections and the user placed the telephone handset on the TTY to transfer the sound signals between the TTY and the telephone. Handsets on many modern telephones do not fit well with many TTY acoustic couplers, allowing interference from outside noise. Individuals who use TTYs to communicate must have a non-acoustic way to connect TTYs to telephones in order to obtain clear TTY connections, such as through a direct RJ-11 connector, a 2.5 mm audio jack, or other direct connection. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| b | Telecommunications products which include voice communication functionality shall support all commonly used cross-manufacturer non-proprietary standard TTY signal protocols. | Paragraph (b) requires that products providing voice communication functionality be able to support use of all commonly used cross-manufacturer, non-proprietary, standard signals used by TTYs. Some products compress or alter the audio signal in such a manner that standard signals used by TTYs are not transmitted properly, preventing successful TTY communication. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| c | Voice mail, auto-attendant, and interactive voice response telecommunications systems shall be usable by TTY users with their TTYs | Paragraph (c) provides that TTY users be able to utilize voice mail, auto-attendant, and interactive voice response telecommunications systems. Voice mail systems are available which allow TTY users to retrieve and leave TTY messages. This provision does not require that phone systems have voice to text conversion capabilities. It requires that TTY users can retrieve and leave TTY messages and utilize interactive systems. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| d | Voice mail, messaging, auto-attendant, and interactive voice response telecommunications systems that require a response from a user within a time interval, shall give an alert when the time interval is about to run out, and shall provide sufficient time for the user to indicate more time is required. | Paragraph (d) addresses access problems that can arise when telecommunications systems require a response from a user within a certain time. Due to the nature of the equipment, users of TTYs may need additional time to read and respond to menus and messages. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| e | Where provided, caller identification and similar telecommunications functions shall also be available for users of TTYs, and for users who cannot see displays. | Paragraph (e) requires that functions such as caller identification must be accessible for users of TTYs, and for users who cannot see displays. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| f | For transmitted voice signals, telecommunications products shall provide a gain adjustable up to a minimum of 20 dB. For incremental volume control, at least one intermediate step of 12 dB of gain shall be provided. | Paragraph (f) requires products to be equipped with volume control that provides an adjustable amplification up to a minimum of 20 dB of gain. If a volume adjustment is provided that allows a user to set the level anywhere from 0 to the upper requirement of 20 dB, there is no need to specify a lower limit. If a stepped volume control is provided, one of the intermediate levels must provide 12 dB of gain. The gain applies to the voice output. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| g | If the telecommunications product allows a user to adjust the receive volume, a function shall be provided to automatically reset the volume to the default level after every use. | Paragraph (g) requires that an automatic reset be installed on any telephone that allows the user to adjust the volume higher than the normal level. This is a safety feature to protect people from suffering damage to their hearing if they accidentally answer a telephone with the amplification turned too high. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| h | Where a telecommunications product delivers output by an audio transducer which is normally held up to the ear, a means for effective magnetic wireless coupling to hearing technologies shall be provided. | Paragraph (h) requires telephones, or other products that provide auditory output by an audio transducer normally held up to the ear, to provide a means for effective wireless coupling to hearing aids. Many hearing aids incorporate "T-coils" that generate sounds based on magnetic signals received from earpieces that can generate the appropriate magnetic field. Generally, this provision means the earpiece generates sufficient magnetic field strength to induce an appropriate field in a hearing aid T-coil. The output in this case is the direct voice output of the transmission source, not the "machine language" such as tonal codes transmitted by TTYs. For example, a telephone must generate a magnetic output so that the hearing aid equipped with a T-coil can accurately receive the message. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| i | Interference to hearing technologies (including hearing aids, cochlear implants, and assistive listening devices) shall be reduced to the lowest possible level that allows a user of hearing technologies to utilize the telecommunications product. | Paragraph (i) requires that interference to hearing technologies be reduced to the lowest possible level that allows a user of hearing technologies to utilize a telecommunications product. Individuals who are hard of hearing use hearing aids and other assistive listening devices, but they cannot be used if products introduce noise into the listening aids because of electromagnetic interference. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| j | Products that transmit or conduct information or communication, shall pass through cross-manufacturer, non-proprietary, industry-standard codes, translation protocols, formats or other information necessary to provide the information or communication in a usable format. Technologies which use encoding, signal compression, format transformation, or similar techniques shall not remove information needed for access or shall restore it upon delivery. | Paragraph (j) provides that all products that act as a transport or conduit for information or communication shall pass all codes, translation protocols, formats, or any other information necessary to provide information or communication in a usable format. In particular, signal compression technologies shall not remove information needed for access or shall restore it upon decompression. Some transmissions include codes or tags embedded in "unused" portions of the signal to provide accessibility. For example, closed captioning information is usually included in portions of a video signal not seen by users without decoders. This section prohibits products from stripping out such information or requires the information to be restored at the end point. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| k | Products which have mechanically operated controls or keys, shall comply with the following: | Paragraph (k) addresses controls that require some physical force to activate. It is the application of force to these controls that distinguishes them from touch sensitive controls where the mere presence of a hand or finger is detected and reacted to by the product. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| k-1 | Controls and keys shall be tactilely discernible without activating the controls or keys. | Paragraph (k)(1) provides that mechanically operated controls and keys shall be tactilely discernible without activating the controls or keys. Tactilely discernible means that individual keys can be located and distinguished from adjacent keys by touch. To comply with this provision, controls that must be touched to activate, must be distinguishable from each other. This can be accomplished by using various shapes, spacing, or tactile markings. Because touch is necessary to discern tactile features, this provision provides that the control should not be activated by mere contact. For example, the standard desktop computer keyboard would meet this provision because the tactile mark on the "j" and "f" keys permits a user to locate all other keys tactilely. The geographic spacing of the function, "numpad" and cursor keys make them easy to locate by touch. In addition, most keyboards require some pressure before they transmit a keystroke. Conversely, "capacitance" keyboards that react as soon as they are touched and have no raised marks or actual keys would not meet this provision. A "membrane" keypad with keys that must be pressed can be made tactilely discernible by separating keys with raised ridges so that individual keys can be distinguished by touch. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| k-2 | Controls and keys shall be operable with one hand and shall not require tight grasping, pinching, or twisting of the wrist. The force required to activate controls and keys shall be 5 lbs. (22.2 N) maximum. | Paragraph (k)(2) provides that mechanically operated controls shall be accessible to persons with limited dexterity. Individuals with tremor, cerebral palsy, paralysis, arthritis, or artificial hands may have difficulty operating systems which require fine motor control, assume a steady hand, or require two hands or fingers to be used simultaneously for operation. Individuals with high spinal cord injuries, arthritis, and other conditions may have difficulty operating controls which require significant strength. The provision limits the force required to five pounds and is based on §4.27.4 of the ADA Accessibility Guidelines and is consistent with the Telecommunications Act Accessibility Guidelines. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| k-3 | If key repeat is supported, the delay before repeat shall be adjustable to at least 2 seconds. Key repeat rate shall be adjustable to 2 seconds per character. | Paragraph (k)(3) establishes provisions for key repeat rate where an adjustable keyboard repeat rate is supported. It requires that the keyboard delay before repeat shall be adjustable to at least two seconds per character. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| k-4 | The status of all locking or toggle controls or keys shall be visually discernible, and discernible either through touch or sound. | Paragraph (k)(4) provides that the status of toggle controls such as the "caps lock" or "scroll lock" keys be determined by both visual means and by touch or sound. For example, adding audio patterns such as ascending and descending pitch tones that indicate when a control is turned on or off would alleviate the problem of a person who is blind inadvertently pressing the locking or toggle controls. Also, buttons which remain depressed when activated or switches with distinct positions would meet this provision. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
Section 1194.24 Video and multimedia products
| Clause 1194.24 | Provision | Description | User Stakeholders | Product/Vendor Stakeholders |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | All analog television displays 13 inches and larger, and computer equipment that includes analog television receiver or display circuitry, shall be equipped with caption decoder circuitry which appropriately receives, decodes, and displays closed captions from broadcast, cable, videotape, and DVD signals. As soon as practicable, but not later than July 1, 2002, widescreen digital television (DTV) displays measuring at least 7.8 inches vertically, DTV sets with conventional displays measuring at least 13 inches vertically, and stand-alone DTV tuners, whether or not they are marketed with display screens, and computer equipment that includes DTV receiver or display circuitry, shall be equipped with caption decoder circuitry which appropriately receives, decodes, and displays closed captions from broadcast, cable, videotape, and DVD signals. | Paragraph (a) requires that television displays 13 inches and larger, and computer equipment that includes television receiver or display circuitry be equipped with the capacity to decode and display captioning for audio material |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| b | Television tuners, including tuner cards for use in computers, shall be equipped with secondary audio program playback circuitry. | Paragraph (b) requires that television tuners, including tuner cards for use in computers, have the ability to handle a secondary audio track used for audio description of visual material. The secondary audio channel is commonly used for audio description. An "audio description" is a verbal description of the visual content of a presentation. Audio descriptions are important for persons who are blind or who have low vision because they provide a description of the visual content of a presentation synchronized with verbal information. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| c | All training and informational video and multimedia productions which support the agency's mission, regardless of format, that contain speech or other audio information necessary for the comprehension of the content, shall be open or closed captioned. | Paragraph (c) requires the captioning of audio material in certain multimedia presentations. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| d | All training and informational video and multimedia productions which support the agency's mission, regardless of format, that contain visual information necessary for the comprehension of the content, shall be audio described. | Paragraph (d) requires that certain multimedia presentations provide an audio description of visual material. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| e | Display or presentation of alternate text presentation or audio descriptions shall be user-selectable unless permanent. | Paragraph (e) provides that the captioning and audio description required in (c) and (d) above must be user selectable unless permanent. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
Section 1194.25 Self contained, closed products
| Clause 1194.25 | Provision | Description | User Stakeholders | Product/Vendor Stakeholders |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | Self contained products shall be usable by people with disabilities without requiring an end-user to attach assistive technology to the product. Personal headsets for private listening are not assistive technology. | Paragraph (a) provides that access features must be built-into a self contained, closed product rather than requiring users to attach an assistive device to the product. Personal headsets are not considered assistive technology and may be required to use the product. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| b | When a timed response is required, the user shall be alerted and given sufficient time to indicate more time is required. | Paragraph (b) addresses access problems that can arise when self contained, closed products require a response from a user within a certain time and is identical to §1194.22 (p) and §1194.23 (d) which are discussed in detail above. (See §1194.21(d) in the NPRM.) The final rule requires only that a user be notified if a process is about to time-out and be given an opportunity to answer a prompt asking whether additional time is needed. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| c | Where a product utilizes touchscreens or contact-sensitive controls, an input method shall be provided that complies with §1194.23 (k) (1) through (4). | Paragraph (c) requires that when a product utilizes touchscreens or contact-sensitive controls, a method of operating the product be provided that complies with the provisions for controls in §1194.23 (k) (1) through (4). |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| d | When biometric forms of user identification or control are used, an alternative form of identification or activation, which does not require the user to possess particular biological characteristics, shall also be provided. | Paragraph (d) addresses the use of biometric controls. Biometric controls refer to controls that are activated only if particular biological features (e.g., fingerprint, retina pattern, etc.) of the user matches specific criteria. Using retinal scans or fingerprint identification may become a common practice as a method of allowing an individual to gain access to personal data from an information transaction type of machine. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| e | When products provide auditory output, the audio signal shall be provided at a standard signal level through an industry standard connector that will allow for private listening. The product must provide the ability to interrupt, pause, and restart the audio at anytime. | Paragraph (e) requires that when products use audio as a way to communicate information, the auditory signal will be available through an industry standard connector at a standard signal level. Individuals using personal headphones, amplifiers, audio couplers, and other audio processing devices need a place to plug these devices into the product in a standard fashion. This gives the user the ability to listen privately to the information. The product must also provide a method to pause, restart, and interrupt the flow of information. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| f | When products deliver voice output in a public area, incremental volume control shall be provided with output amplification up to a level of at least 65 dB. Where the ambient noise level of the environment is above 45 dB, a volume gain of at least 20 dB above the ambient level shall be user selectable. A function shall be provided to automatically reset the volume to the default level after every use. | Paragraph (f) provides that when products deliver voice output, they shall provide incremental volume control with output amplification up to a level of at least 65 dB. Where the ambient noise level of the environment is above 45 dB, a volume gain of at least 20 dB above the ambient level shall be user selectable. According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and the American Speech, Language, and Hearing Association, 65 dB is the volume level for normal speech. This provision requires that audio output from a kiosk type product shall have a minimum level of 65 dB. For people with reduced hearing, voice levels must be 20 dB above the surround sound level to be understandable. This means that as long as the noise level in the surrounding environment is below 45 dB, the 65 dB output level would be sufficient. If the product is in an environment with a high noise level, the user must be able to raise the volume to a setting of 20 dB higher than the ambient level. (See §1194.23(f)(3) in the NPRM.) A feature has been required to automatically reset the volume to the default level after every use. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| g | Color coding shall not be used as the only means of conveying information, indicating an action, prompting a response, or distinguishing a visual element. | Paragraph (g) addresses the use of color prompting and is identical to section 1194.21(i) discussed above. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| h | When a product permits a user to adjust color and contrast settings, a range of color selections capable of producing a variety of contrast levels shall be provided. | Paragraph (h) addresses color selection and contrast settings and is identical to section 1194.21(j) discussed above. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| i | Products shall be designed to avoid causing the screen to flicker with a frequency greater than 2 Hz and lower than 55 Hz. | Paragraph (i) addresses the use of flashing objects and is identical to section 1194.21(k) discussed above. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| j | Products which are freestanding, non-portable, and intended to be used in one location and which have operable controls shall comply with the following: | Paragraphs (j) (1) through (4) provide provisions for the physical characteristics of large office equipment including reach ranges and the general physical accessibility of controls and features. Examples of these products, include but are not limited to, copiers, information kiosks and floor standing printers. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| j-1 | The position of any operable control shall be determined with respect to a vertical plane, which is 48 inches in length, centered on the operable control, and at the maximum protrusion of the product within the 48 inch length. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| j-2 | Where any operable control is 10 inches or less behind the reference plane, the height shall be 54 inches maximum and 15 inches minimum above the floor. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| j-3 | Where any operable control is more than 10 inches and not more than 24 inches behind the reference plane, the height shall be 46 inches maximum and 15 inches minimum above the floor. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| j-4 | Operable controls shall not be more than 24 inches behind the reference plane. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
Section 1194.26 Desktop and portable computers
| Clause 1194.26 | Provision | Description | User Stakeholders | Product/Vendor Stakeholders |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | All mechanically operated controls and keys shall comply with §1194.23 (k) (1) through (4). | Paragraph (a) addresses keyboards and other mechanically operated controls. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| b | If a product utilizes touchscreens or touch-operated controls, an input method shall be provided that complies with §1194.23 (k) (1) through (4). | Paragraph (b) provides that systems using touchscreen technology must also provide controls that comply with sections 1194.23 (k) (1) through (4) discussed above. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| c | When biometric forms of user identification or control are used, an alternative form of identification or activation, which does not require the user to possess particular biological characteristics, shall also be provided. | Paragraph (c) requires that when biometric forms of identification are used, an alternative must also be available. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| d | Where provided, at least one of each type of expansion slots, ports and connectors shall comply with publicly available industry standards. | Paragraph (d) requires that products have standard ports and connectors. This means that the connection points on a system must comply with a standard specification that is available to other manufacturers. This provision assures that the designers of assistive technology will have access to information concerning the design of system connections and thus be able to produce products that can utilize those connections. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
Section 1194.31 Functional Performance Criteria
| Clause 1194.31 | Provision | User Stakeholders | Product/Vendor Stakeholders |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | At least one mode of operation and information retrieval that does not require user vision shall be provided, or support for assistive technology used by people who are blind or visually impaired shall be provided. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| b | At least one mode of operation and information retrieval that does not require visual acuity greater than 20/70 shall be provided in audio and enlarged print output working together or independently, or support for assistive technology used by people who are visually impaired shall be provided. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| c | At least one mode of operation and information retrieval that does not require user hearing shall be provided, or support for assistive technology used by people who are deaf or hard of hearing shall be provided. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| d | Where audio information is important for the use of a product, at least one mode of operation and information retrieval shall be provided in an enhanced auditory fashion, or support for assistive hearing devices shall be provided. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| e | At least one mode of operation and information retrieval that does not require user speech shall be provided, or support for assistive technology used by people with disabilities shall be provided. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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| f | At least one mode of operation and information retrieval that does not require fine motor control or simultaneous actions and that is operable with limited reach and strength shall be provided. |
[ ] Cognitive [ ] Hearing [ ] Mobility [ ] Speech [ ] Visual |
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Last Updated: 7/30/01